After new energy (photovoltaic, wind power) replaces the synchronous unit, the system rotational inertia plummeted. A small power perturbation can be triggered by frequency collapse with ± 0.5Hz fluctuations far beyond the ± 0.2Hz safety threshold.

New energy high-penetration areas have reduced short-circuit capacity (SCR<1.5) with weak voltage immunity to disturbances, which is prone to chained voltage instability.

Traditional grid-following equipment passively goes off-grid during grid failures, exacerbating system collapse. Xinjiang wind power bases have experienced large-scale disconnections triggered by voltage dips.

New energy sources lack self-boot capabilities and rely on external power sources to restore them after a major power outage, which can take hours.